Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology

These interconnected fields study the universe beyond Earth, from individual stars and planets to the large-scale structure and evolution of the cosmos. Astronomy focuses on observing and cataloging celestial objects, astrophysics investigates the physical processes governing these objects, and cosmology examines the universe as a whole.

Key mysteries include the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the formation of the first stars and galaxies, and the potential for life elsewhere in the universe. The field combines cutting-edge observational technologies with theoretical models to understand phenomena ranging from black holes to the Big Bang.

The 10 astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology physics problems

  • Dark Energy Characterization

  • Gravitational Wave Cosmology

  • First Stars and Cosmic Dawn

  • Exoplanet Atmospheric Biosignatures

  • Black Hole Information Paradox Resolution

  • Cosmic Inflation Verification

  • Fast Radio Burst Origins

  • Solar Coronal Heating

  • Galactic Habitable Zone Characterization

  • Multi-Messenger Cosmology Framework

Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology physics problem sample

* These are just preliminary ideas and do not represent final problems of the Berkeley 100 Challenge. The final problems will be determined by our Scientific Committees.

Unified Quantum Gravity Theory

Problem Statement:

Characterize the formation, properties, and impact of the first generation of stars (Population III) that ended the cosmic dark ages, constraining their masses, composition, formation timescales, and influence on early galaxy formation.

Evaluation Criteria:

  • Direct detection or robust indirect evidence of Population III stars

  • Constraints on initial mass function of first stars to within factor of 2

  • Detailed model of metal enrichment and feedback processes validated by observations

  • Cosmological simulations reproducing observed properties of early galaxies

  • Quantification of contribution to cosmic reionization

  • Observational tests differentiating between competing theoretical models

Feasibility Assessment: 

Assessment: Very challenging, likely requiring 10-20 years. Depends on capabilities of JWST, next-generation ground-based extremely large telescopes, and future space missions. Requires advances in computational astrophysics to model complex multiscale processes. Progress in understanding primordial star formation in low-metallicity environments is an important precursor.

Impact on the Field: 

Would fill a major gap in our understanding of cosmic evolution and structure formation. Would constrain the initial conditions for galaxy formation and chemical enrichment of the universe. May reveal unexpected physical processes in primordial environments and inform our understanding of stellar evolution.

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