Physics and applied physics

Physics seeks to understand the fundamental laws governing matter, energy, space, and time, from the quantum scale to the cosmos.

The field encompasses both theoretical investigations into the nature of reality and applied research developing new technologies and materials. Key frontiers include unifying quantum mechanics with general relativity, understanding dark matter and energy, and developing revolutionary energy systems.

Modern physics continues to reveal surprising phenomena that challenge our understanding of the universe while enabling transformative technologies from superconductors to quantum computers.

The 10 physics problems

* These are just preliminary ideas and do not represent final problems of the Berkeley 100 Challenge. The final problems will be determined by our Scientific Committees.

  • Room-Temperature Superconductivity

  • Quantum Coherence at Macroscopic Scales

  • Practical Nuclear Fusion Energy

  • Unified Quantum Gravity Theory

  • Dark Matter Direct Detection

  • Proton Radius Puzzle Resolution

  • Arrow of Time and Entropy

  • Quantum Measurement Fundamental Limits

  • Quantum Vacuum Structure

  • Early Universe Gravitational Physics

Physics problem sample

* These are just preliminary ideas and do not represent final problems of the Berkeley 100 Challenge. The final problems will be determined by our Scientific Committees.

Unified Quantum Gravity Theory

Problem Statement:

Formulate a mathematically consistent theory that unifies quantum mechanics and general relativity, making testable predictions regarding quantum gravitational phenomena.

Evaluation Criteria:

  • Mathematical consistency without singularities or infinities

  • Reproduces general relativity in appropriate limits

  • Reproduces quantum field theory in appropriate limits

  • Makes at least three new, testable predictions distinct from existing theories

  • Theoretical framework published and peer-reviewed

  • At least one experimental verification of a novel prediction

Feasibility Assessment: 

Extremely challenging, likely 20-30 years minimum. Requires conceptual breakthroughs in understanding spacetime emergence, innovative mathematical frameworks, and new experimental approaches for testing quantum gravity effects. May be contingent on advancements in string theory, loop quantum gravity, or entirely new approaches.

Impact on the Field: 

Would represent one of the greatest achievements in theoretical physics, resolving the central incompatibility between our two most successful physical theories. Would transform our understanding of black holes, the early universe, and potentially reveal new phenomena at the Planck scale.

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